Number 24 of 100 in 100, The Aeronca 7 Champion 🛩️✨

The Aeronca 7 Champion: A Detailed Look at Its Evolution and Impact

 

Conceptualization:

 

The Aeronca 7 Champion, often referred to as the "Champ," was developed in the mid-1940s, a period marked by significant changes and developments in aviation. Post-World War II, the aviation market experienced a substantial shift as military pilots returned home and sought opportunities to continue flying in civilian life. This surge in interest created a demand for affordable, reliable, and easy-to-fly aircraft suitable for personal use, flight training, and small-scale commercial operations.

 

Aeronca, already established as a reputable manufacturer with models like the Aeronca 65 and Aeronca Chief, recognized the market's need for a simple, lightweight, and cost-effective aircraft. The company's goal was to create an airplane that was not only accessible to the average pilot but also economical to produce and maintain.

 

Key trends influenced the conceptualization of the Aeronca 7 Champion:

 

Post-War Pilot Surge: Many ex-military pilots sought personal aircraft for leisure and continued practice. This group preferred straightforward, forgiving airplanes that could be operated from small airstrips and fields.

 

Flight Training Demand: With the increasing number of new pilots, flight schools required reliable, easy-to-maintain trainers. The Champ's straightforward design made it ideal for this role, providing a perfect platform for student pilots to learn basic flying skills.

 

Affordability and Accessibility: Economic considerations were crucial. Potential owners wanted affordable planes, both in initial purchase price and operational costs. The Aeronca 7 Champion was designed with simplicity and cost-effectiveness in mind, ensuring it met the budget constraints of private owners and flight schools.

 

Technological Advancements: Advances in materials and manufacturing techniques post-war allowed for more efficient production methods. Aeronca leveraged these innovations to keep costs down while improving the overall durability and performance of the aircraft.

 

Market Competition: The aviation market was becoming increasingly competitive with manufacturers like Piper and Cessna also targeting the burgeoning post-war civil aviation market. The Piper Cub, for example, set a high standard, and Aeronca needed a competitive edge. The Champ was developed to provide a viable alternative, emphasizing ease of use, affordability, and reliability.

 

The Aeronca 7 Champion was thus born from a confluence of market needs and trends. Its design reflected the practical demands of a growing civilian pilot population eager for accessible and versatile aircraft. This strategic response to market conditions enabled the Champ to carve out a significant place in aviation history, continuing to be beloved by pilots and instructors alike.

 

Original Design:

 

The original design of the Aeronca 7 Champion was meticulously crafted to meet the demands of the post-war aviation market. Here are the standout design elements that made the Champ a favored choice among pilots and flight schools:

 

High Wing Configuration: The Aeronca 7 Champion featured a high-wing design, providing excellent visibility for both pilot and passenger. This configuration not only enhanced the pilot’s ability to navigate and observe the surroundings but also contributed to greater stability, crucial for training new pilots.

 

Lightweight Construction: The aircraft was built with a steel tube fuselage and wooden wing spars, covered with fabric. This combination made the Champ exceptionally lightweight, contributing to its impressive performance and low operating costs. The lightweight structure also allowed for gentle handling characteristics, making it ideal for novice pilots.

 

Seating Arrangement: The Champ had a tandem seating arrangement, where the pilot and passenger sat one behind the other. This design was particularly beneficial for flight training, as it allowed instructors to closely monitor and guide students without obstructing their view of the instruments and controls.

 

Simple Control Layout: The cockpit of the Aeronca 7 Champion was designed to be straightforward and intuitive. The controls and instruments were arranged for ease of use, which was essential for training environments. This simplicity ensured that students could focus on learning the basics of flying without being overwhelmed by complex avionics.

 

Fixed Tailwheel Landing Gear: The Champ was equipped with a conventional fixed tailwheel (or "taildragger") landing gear. This type of landing gear was common at the time and was considered beneficial for training purposes because it helped pilots develop skills in handling ground operations, such as takeoffs and landings, especially on grass strips or uneven terrain.

 

Reliable Powerplant: The Aeronca 7 Champion was initially powered by the Continental A-65-8 engine, producing 65 horsepower. This engine was known for its reliability and ease of maintenance, which was a significant advantage for flight schools and private owners alike. The powerplant provided sufficient performance for training maneuvers and short-field operations.

 

Aerodynamic Design: The Champ’s design included aerodynamic enhancements such as a streamlined cowling and fairings to reduce drag. These features contributed to its efficient performance and relatively low fuel consumption, further emphasizing its cost-effectiveness.

 

Versatile Performance: The aircraft’s design allowed for versatile performance characteristics. It could operate from short, unimproved airstrips, making it suitable for rural areas and recreational flying. The Champ's forgiving flight characteristics and stable performance made it a favorite for primary flight training.

 

The Aeronca 7 Champion’s original design was characterized by its simplicity, reliability, and versatility. These features catered specifically to the needs of flight training and personal use, making the aircraft accessible and practical for a wide range of pilots. The Champ’s design not only met the demands of the post-war aviation market but also set a standard for light aircraft that remains appreciated to this day.

Photo Credit: airliners.net - Mick Bajcar

 

Design Team:

 

The principal designer behind the Aeronca 7 Champion was Ray Hermes, an influential figure in the aviation industry during the mid-20th century. Hermes had a significant role at Aeronca, contributing to the design and development of several key aircraft models.

 

Ray Hermes: Background and Contributions

 

Background in Aviation Design: Ray Hermes brought a wealth of experience to Aeronca, having been involved in aircraft design and engineering for many years. His expertise was instrumental in transitioning Aeronca from its pre-war designs to the modern, efficient aircraft needed in the post-war civilian market.

 

Previous and Subsequent Projects:

 

Aeronca L-3 Grasshopper: Before the development of the 7 Champion, Hermes worked on the Aeronca L-3 Grasshopper. The L-3 was a military liaison and observation aircraft used extensively during World War II. This project provided Hermes with valuable insights into designing lightweight, versatile aircraft, which would later influence his work on the Champ.

 

Aeronca 65 Series: Another significant project in Hermes’ portfolio was the Aeronca 65 series, which included models like the Aeronca 65 Chief. These aircraft were known for their simplicity and ease of use, qualities that Hermes carried over to the 7 Champion. The success of the 65 series helped solidify Aeronca's reputation in the civilian aviation market.

 

Post-Champ Projects: After the Aeronca 7 Champion, Hermes continued to be involved in aviation design, contributing to further developments and improvements within Aeronca’s lineup. One notable follow-up was the Aeronca 11 Chief, which shared many design philosophies with the Champ but offered side-by-side seating, catering to a different segment of the market.

 

While Ray Hermes was the principal designer, the development of the Aeronca 7 Champion was a team effort. The design team included several other skilled engineers and aviation experts who collectively brought the aircraft to fruition.

 

Legacy:

 

The combined expertise of Ray Hermes and his team resulted in an aircraft that left a lasting impact on general aviation. The Aeronca 7 Champion became a staple in flight training and personal aviation, and its design principles influenced many future aircraft in the light sport category.

 

Ray Hermes' contributions to aviation extended beyond the Champ, influencing the broader trajectory of light aircraft development. His work on both military and civilian aircraft provided a foundation for many of the design strategies used in subsequent light aircraft.

 

The Aeronca 7 Champion was the product of Ray Hermes' vision and the collaborative efforts of a dedicated design team. Their collective background in aviation design and previous successful projects culminated in an aircraft that has stood the test of time, remaining a beloved classic in the aviation community.

 

Production Run:

 

The production history of the Aeronca 7 Champion is marked by consistent demand and notable longevity.

 

First Production: The Aeronca 7 Champion was first introduced in 1945, shortly after the end of World War II. This timing was strategic, capitalizing on the surge of interest in civilian aviation from returning military pilots and the general public.

 

End of Production by Aeronca: Aeronca ceased production of the 7 Champion in 1951. However, this was not the end of the aircraft's story, as the design was so popular that it saw production continue under different manufacturers.

 

Continued Production by Champion Aircraft Company: In 1954, production of the 7 Champion was taken up by the Champion Aircraft Corporation. This company continued to produce the aircraft and its variants, further cementing its reputation as a reliable and versatile light aircraft.

 

Bellanca Aircraft Corporation: The Champion Aircraft Corporation was acquired by Bellanca Aircraft Corporation in 1970, which continued the production of the 7 Champion and its derivatives until 1980.

 

Production Volume:

 

Aeronca Production: During Aeronca’s initial production run from 1945 to 1951, approximately 7,200 units of the 7 Champion were built. This impressive number reflects the strong demand for the aircraft in the immediate post-war period.

 

Champion and Bellanca Production: After the Champion Aircraft Corporation took over, production continued robustly. Under Champion and later Bellanca, an additional estimated 4,000 units were manufactured. This brings the total production count to around 11,200 aircraft across all manufacturers and production periods.

 

Changes in Production Volume:

 

Post-War Boom: The initial years saw high production volumes, driven by the post-war boom in civilian aviation. Aeronca ramped up production to meet the demand from flight schools and private pilots.

 

Steady Demand: When Champion Aircraft Corporation resumed production in 1954, the demand remained steady, supported by the aircraft’s growing reputation as a reliable trainer and personal aircraft.

 

Market Fluctuations: Production volumes did experience fluctuations based on economic conditions and changes in market demand. For instance, the economic downturns and shifts in aviation market preferences during the 1970s and early 1980s affected production rates under Bellanca.

 

End of Production: By 1980, production ceased, partly due to increased competition from newer aircraft designs and changing market dynamics. However, the existing fleet of Aeronca 7 Champions continued to be popular among enthusiasts and in the used aircraft market.

 

The Aeronca 7 Champion enjoyed a long and productive manufacturing history, beginning in 1945 and effectively ending in 1980 with Bellanca Aircraft Corporation. The production run saw initial rapid growth followed by stable demand, making the Champ a staple in aviation history.

Photo Credit: airliners.net - Adam Wright

 

Evolution:

 

The Aeronca 7 Champion saw several upgrades, modifications, and variants throughout its production run, reflecting the evolving needs and technological advancements in the aviation industry. Here’s a detailed examination of how the aircraft evolved:

 

Initial Model - Aeronca 7AC Champion:

 

Engine: The original Aeronca 7AC was powered by a 65-horsepower Continental A-65-8 engine.

 

Design: It featured the classic high-wing configuration, tandem seating, and fabric-covered steel tube fuselage and wooden wings.

 

Major Variants and Modifications:

 

Aeronca 7BCM (L-16A):

 

Engine Upgrade: Equipped with an 85-horsepower Continental C85 engine, providing better performance.

 

Military Use: This variant was adapted for military liaison and observation roles, designated as the L-16A during the Korean War. It included modifications for military equipment and enhanced durability.

 

Aeronca 7CCM (L-16B):

 

Further Improvements: Similar to the 7BCM but with additional equipment for military operations. These variants were used primarily for reconnaissance and liaison duties.

 

Champion 7EC:

 

Engine Power: Introduced by the Champion Aircraft Corporation, this variant featured a 90-horsepower Continental C90 engine.

 

Performance Enhancements: The increased engine power improved the aircraft’s performance, making it more versatile for training and personal use.

 

Champion 7GCB (Voyager):

 

Larger Engine: Powered by a 150-horsepower Lycoming O-320 engine.

 

Structural Changes: Included modifications to the airframe to handle the increased power and provide better overall performance, especially in short takeoff and landing (STOL) capabilities.

 

Champion 7GCBC (Explorer):

 

Further Power Boost: Used a 115-horsepower Lycoming O-235 engine.

 

Enhanced Features: This variant included flaps, which improved the aircraft’s STOL capabilities. It was popular among bush pilots and those operating in rugged environments.

 

Champion 7KCAB (Citabria):

 

Aerobatic Capabilities: This variant was designed with aerobatic capabilities, powered by a 150-horsepower Lycoming engine.

 

Structural Reinforcements: Included reinforced airframe and inverted fuel and oil systems, making it suitable for aerobatic training and light sport aviation.

 

Improvements Over Time:

 

Power and Performance: Over the years, the Champ saw significant engine upgrades, moving from the original 65 horsepower to engines producing up to 150 horsepower. These enhancements improved takeoff performance, climb rate, and overall speed.

 

Structural Strength: Variants like the 7KCAB Citabria included structural reinforcements to handle aerobatic stresses, which expanded the aircraft’s versatility and appeal.

 

Added Features: The introduction of flaps in models like the 7GCBC improved the aircraft’s STOL performance, making it more capable in diverse flying conditions, including bush flying and off-airport operations.

 

Military Modifications: The L-16 military variants featured additional equipment and durability enhancements for liaison and reconnaissance roles, reflecting the Champ's adaptability to different missions.

 

Legacy and Influence:

 

The evolution of the Aeronca 7 Champion showcases its adaptability and enduring design. The numerous variants allowed it to serve a wide range of roles, from basic flight training to military operations and aerobatics. Each modification and upgrade built upon the original’s strengths, ensuring that the Champ remained relevant and beloved across different eras and aviation communities.

 

The Aeronca 7 Champion's evolution through various upgrades and modifications reflects its versatile design and enduring appeal. These changes not only improved performance and capabilities but also broadened the aircraft’s utility, solidifying its place in aviation history.

 

Specifications:

General Characteristics:

• Crew: 1 (pilot)
• Capacity: 1 passenger
• Length: 21 ft 6 in (6.55 m)
• Wingspan: 36 ft 0 in (10.97 m)
• Height: 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m)
• Wing Area: 178 sq ft (16.5 sq m)
• Empty Weight: 740 lb (335 kg)
• Gross Weight: 1,220 lb (553 kg)
• Fuel Capacity: 13 gal (49 L) standard, 18 gal (68 L) optional

Performance:

• Engine: Continental A-65-8, 65 hp (48 kW)
• Maximum Speed: 100 mph (161 km/h, 87 knots)
• Cruise Speed: 85 mph (137 km/h, 74 knots)
• Stall Speed: 38 mph (61 km/h, 33 knots)
• Range: 310 miles (499 km, 270 nautical miles)
• Service Ceiling: 12,500 ft (3,810 m)
• Rate of Climb: 450 ft/min (2.3 m/s)
• Takeoff Distance: 450 ft (137 m)
• Landing Distance: 250 ft (76 m)

Design Features:

• Configuration: High-wing monoplane
• Landing Gear: Fixed tailwheel type
• Construction: Steel tube fuselage and wooden wing spars covered with fabric
• Seating Arrangement: Tandem (pilot in front, passenger behind)
• Cockpit: Openable side windows, basic instrumentation suitable for VFR (Visual Flight Rules)

Comparison to Other Aircraft in Its Class:

Piper J-3 Cub:

• Engine: Continental A-65-8, 65 hp (48 kW) (similar to the Aeronca 7AC)
• Maximum Speed: 87 mph (140 km/h, 76 knots) (slightly slower than the Champ)
• Cruise Speed: 75 mph (121 km/h, 65 knots) (slower than the Champ)
• Stall Speed: 38 mph (61 km/h, 33 knots) (same as the Champ)
• Range: 200 miles (322 km, 174 nautical miles) (shorter than the Champ)
• Service Ceiling: 11,500 ft (3,505 m) (lower than the Champ)
• Rate of Climb: 450 ft/min (2.3 m/s) (similar to the Champ)
• Takeoff Distance: 500 ft (152 m) (longer than the Champ)
• Landing Distance: 300 ft (91 m) (longer than the Champ)

Taylorcraft BC-12D:

• Engine: Continental A-65-8, 65 hp (48 kW) (similar to the Aeronca 7AC)
• Maximum Speed: 105 mph (169 km/h, 91 knots) (faster than the Champ)
• Cruise Speed: 90 mph (145 km/h, 78 knots) (slightly faster than the Champ)
• Stall Speed: 38 mph (61 km/h, 33 knots) (same as the Champ)
• Range: 360 miles (580 km, 313 nautical miles) (longer than the Champ)
• Service Ceiling: 13,000 ft (3,962 m) (higher than the Champ)
• Rate of Climb: 500 ft/min (2.5 m/s) (higher than the Champ)
• Takeoff Distance: 450 ft (137 m) (same as the Champ)
• Landing Distance: 250 ft (76 m) (same as the Champ)

The Aeronca 7 Champion was competitive within its class, offering similar or better performance in several areas compared to contemporaries like the Piper J-3 Cub and Taylorcraft BC-12D. Its specifications made it a versatile and efficient option for training and personal use. The Champ's combination of ease of use, economical operation, and reliable performance contributed to its lasting popularity among pilots and flight schools.

Photo Credit: airliners.net - Paul Aranha

 

Performance:

V-Speeds:

• V_NE (Never Exceed Speed): 129 mph (208 km/h, 112 knots)
• V_NO (Maximum Structural Cruising Speed): 104 mph (167 km/h, 90 knots)
• V_A (Design Maneuvering Speed): 80 mph (129 km/h, 70 knots)
• V_FE (Maximum Flap Extended Speed): Not applicable (no flaps on the 7AC variant)
• V_S0 (Stall Speed in Landing Configuration): 38 mph (61 km/h, 33 knots)
• V_S1 (Stall Speed in Clean Configuration): 38 mph (61 km/h, 33 knots)

G Load Limitations:

• Positive G Load: +3.8g
• Negative G Load: -1.52g

Approved Maneuvers:

• Normal Category: The Aeronca 7 Champion is approved for all normal category maneuvers, which include:
• Steep Turns: up to 60 degrees of bank
• Chandelles
• Lazy Eights
• Stalls (power-on and power-off)
• Prohibited Maneuvers:
• Aerobatics: The 7AC is not approved for aerobatic maneuvers
• Spins: Intentional spins are typically not approved unless specifically endorsed after proper training

Suitability for Training and Personal Aviation:

 

Forgiving Flight Characteristics: The Champ’s low stall speed and gentle handling make it exceptionally forgiving for student pilots. Its predictable behavior in stalls and slow flight ensures a safe learning environment.

 

Visibility: The high-wing design provides excellent downward visibility, crucial for both navigation and landing practice. This visibility enhances safety and situational awareness, key aspects in flight training.

 

Economical Operation: With a relatively low fuel burn rate and straightforward maintenance requirements, the Champ is economical to operate, making it an affordable option for flight schools and personal use.

 

Maneuverability: The Champ’s maneuverability is well-suited for primary flight training. Its responsiveness to control inputs helps students learn the fundamentals of airmanship and coordination.

 

Durability: The simple, robust construction of the Champ means it can withstand the rigors of frequent use by student pilots. Its ability to operate from short, unimproved fields adds to its versatility for personal aviation.

 

Training Versatility: The Champ is capable of performing all necessary training maneuvers, from basic flight exercises to more advanced techniques like steep turns and stalls. This versatility makes it an excellent primary trainer.

 

The Aeronca 7 Champion’s performance envelope is ideally suited to its roles in both flight training and personal aviation. Its forgiving flight characteristics, economical operation, and solid maneuverability provide an excellent platform for student pilots, while its simplicity and reliability make it a favorite for personal recreational flying.

 

Safety Record:

 

The Aeronca 7 Champion has a generally good safety record, particularly when considering its extensive use as a primary trainer and recreational aircraft. However, like all aircraft, it has experienced its share of incidents and safety concerns over the decades.

 

Common Safety Concerns:

 

Ground Handling:

 

Tailwheel Configuration: The Champ’s conventional tailwheel design can be more challenging to handle on the ground compared to tricycle gear aircraft. Pilots must be vigilant about proper rudder control to avoid ground loops, a common issue with taildraggers.

 

Crosswind Landings: Tailwheel aircraft are generally more susceptible to crosswind difficulties. Proper training and experience are essential to manage crosswind landings safely.

 

Engine Reliability:

 

Older Engines: Many Champs still in use are equipped with older engines, such as the Continental A-65. While generally reliable, these engines require diligent maintenance. Issues can arise from inadequate upkeep or overuse.

 

Fuel Management: Pilots must be cautious about fuel management, particularly in older models with less advanced fuel systems.

 

Structural Integrity:

 

Fabric Covering: The Champ’s fabric-covered wings and fuselage require regular inspection and maintenance. Aging fabric can deteriorate, leading to potential safety hazards if not properly addressed.

 

Corrosion: The steel tube frame is prone to corrosion over time, especially if the aircraft is not hangered or maintained in a dry environment.

 

Pilot Error:

 

Training Environment: Given its role as a trainer, the Champ has seen numerous incidents attributed to pilot error, particularly involving student pilots. These include improper landing techniques, failure to maintain control during takeoff and landing, and insufficient understanding of tailwheel dynamics.

 

Notable Incidents:

 

While specific incident data can vary, several common themes emerge from reports involving the Aeronca 7 Champion:

 

Ground Loops: Many incidents involve ground loops, especially during landing or taxiing. This highlights the importance of proper tailwheel training.

 

Engine Failures: Instances of engine failures have been reported, often linked to maintenance issues or fuel mismanagement.

 

Structural Failures: Although rare, there have been incidents involving structural failures, often related to neglect of the fabric covering or corrosion in the airframe.

 

In Comparison to Other Aircraft in its Class:

 

When compared to other light aircraft in its category, such as the Piper J-3 Cub and the Taylorcraft BC-12D, the Aeronca 7 Champion’s safety record is relatively similar.

 

Piper J-3 Cub:

 

Similar Tailwheel Challenges: The Cub also features a tailwheel configuration, leading to similar ground handling issues.

 

Comparable Maintenance Needs: Both aircraft require vigilant maintenance of their fabric coverings and older engines.

 

Pilot Error: The Cub, like the Champ, has seen numerous incidents related to pilot error, particularly among student pilots.

 

Taylorcraft BC-12D:

Tailwheel Dynamics: Similar ground handling concerns due to the tailwheel design.

 

Engine and Structural Maintenance: Similar issues with engine reliability and structural integrity due to aging components.

 

Training Incidents: The Taylorcraft has also experienced a number of training-related incidents, reflecting the challenges of teaching new pilots.

 

The Aeronca 7 Champion has a good safety record overall, particularly given its extensive use in training environments. The common safety concerns revolve around ground handling, maintenance of older components, and pilot error. These issues are not unique to the Champ and are shared by other aircraft in its class, such as the Piper J-3 Cub and the Taylorcraft BC-12D. Proper training, diligent maintenance, and a thorough understanding of the aircraft’s characteristics are essential to ensure safe operation.

 

Acquisition Cost:

 

The original acquisition cost of the Aeronca 7 Champion was around $2,495 in 1945. Adjusted for inflation, this would be approximately $37,000 in 2024 dollars. Today, the price for a well-maintained Aeronca 7AC Champion typically ranges between $25,000 and $45,000, depending on the aircraft's condition and any modifications or restorations it has undergone. The higher end of this range is often seen for aircraft with updated avionics or those that have been meticulously restored to their original specifications.

 

This cost comparison reflects both the depreciation and the enduring popularity of the Aeronca 7 Champion among aviation enthusiasts. Modern iterations and similar aircraft can be more expensive, particularly when featuring newer technology and materials, but the Champion's affordability and historical significance continue to make it a sought-after model in the personal aviation market.

 

Conclusion:

 

The Aeronca 7 Champion stands as a testament to timeless design and enduring appeal in the world of light aircraft. Born out of the post-World War II aviation boom, the Champ was designed to be affordable, reliable, and easy to fly, catering to both new pilots and seasoned aviators. Ray Hermes and his dedicated team at Aeronca crafted an aircraft that was not only practical for flight training but also versatile for personal use.

Throughout its production run, from the initial models in the mid-1940s to the various upgraded variants produced by Champion Aircraft Corporation and Bellanca, the Champ consistently met the evolving needs of the aviation community. It’s simple, yet robust design, coupled with numerous performance enhancements, allowed it to remain competitive and beloved among pilots.

With approximately 11,200 units produced and a host of variants, the Aeronca 7 Champion has cemented its place in aviation history. Its safety record, while reflecting the typical challenges of tailwheel aircraft, underscores the importance of proper training and maintenance. Despite its age, the Champ remains a popular choice for those seeking a classic flying experience, with current market values reflecting its continued desirability.

 

In essence, the Aeronca 7 Champion is more than just an aircraft; it's a piece of aviation heritage that continues to inspire and serve pilots across generations. Whether used for training or leisurely flights, the Champ's legacy endures, embodying the spirit of post-war innovation and the joy of flight.

Photo Credit: airliners.net - Gustavo Corujo - Gusair

 

Bibliography:

 

Aeronca Aviator’s Club

 

Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association (AOPA)

 

Wikipedia – Aeronca 7 Champion

 

FAA Aviation Safety Information

 

Airliners.net – Aeronca Champion

 

National Air and Space Museum

 

Barnstormers.com

 

American Champion Aircraft Corporation

 

Essco Links:

 

Aeronca 7 Champion

 

Aeronca 65 Series

 

Aeronca 11 Chief

 

Continental A-65

 

Continental C85

 

Lycoming O-320

 

Lycoming O-235

 

Taylorcraft BC-12D